All languages Introduction to French

French – topics & flashcards

The Language Transfer introduction to French – from English–French cognates to the near future and the perfect past, one thinking step at a time.

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5
thematic parts
355
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A spiral grammar course: parts are grammatical themes, not topics like "food" or "colours". Vocabulary is de-duplicated within each part and a word is listed under the track where it is first taught.

Part 1

Cognates, first verbs & gender

Tracks 1–8
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  1. 1French in English; je veux, le/la, gender & -ion nouns#

    How much French English already contains. First words: gâteau (cake), café (coffee), je veux (I want), tu veux (you want). le/la = the (gender belongs to the word); le/la also = "it" and go before the verb (je le veux). Questions by intonation. -ion nouns are feminine and identical to English (collection, tradition, confirmation…); l' before a vowel.

  2. 2-ation → verb -er; un peu#

    Any -ation noun gives a verb by dropping -ation and adding -er (/eh/): confirmation→confirmer, célébration→célébrer, participation→participer. French often sounds formal in English (participer = "get involved"). un peu (a little). New: visiter.

  3. 3quelque chose; recommander/commander; je peux#

    chose (thing), quelque (some) → quelque chose (something). recommandation→recommander (to recommend); drop "re-" → commander (to order). je peux / tu peux (I/you can) – silent final X. réserver.

  4. 4Inversion for questions; fermer; la porte; the "hand" family#

    Questions by inverting subject and verb: peux-tu? / veux-tu?. fermer (to close, from old confermer), la porte (door). Learn nouns with le/la to capture gender. The la main (hand) family: (recommander) commander, mander, demander, réprimander.

  5. 5de; compliquer/expliquer; tard, plus tard; fermer à clé#

    de (of/from – French /də/, not Spanish "de"). compliquer (to complicate), expliquer (to explain, from explication), dupliquer, plier (to fold). pantalon (trousers). tard (late), plus tard (later), plus (more). fermer à clé (to lock), clé (key). à plus tard (see you later).

  6. 6je dois; réparer; numbers; la voiture, la machine#

    je dois / tu dois (I/you must, have to – literally "owe", from debt). réparer (to repair), comparer, préparer. trente (thirty), euros. la voiture (car), la machine (machine). Final consonants stay silent (dois, tard, plus).

  7. 7Nasal N/M; maintenant; à temps; train, bus, visite#

    N and M at the end of a syllable get "swallowed into the nose" (trente, comparer, contempler). maintenant (now), à temps (on time), temps (time). le train, le bus (S pronounced – exception), la visite (visit). de vs (dice).

  8. 8Final -e pronounces the consonant; -ette nouns; "it" before the verb#

    A final -e means you do pronounce the preceding consonant (porte, visite, baguette). -ette nouns are feminine: baguette, cigarette, bicyclette. The object "it" (le/la) sits before the verb it refers to: je veux le réparer (I want to repair it), je dois la réparer. organiser; le dîner/le souper (dinner/supper).

Part 2

Pronouns, numbers, articles & liaison

Tracks 9–16
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  1. 9la fête; provoquer; le/la = him/her; voir; me#

    la fête (party). provocation→provoquer; the "voquer" family (invoquer, révoquer). le/la also mean him/her. juste (just). voir (to see – an -IR verb). me (me), inviter (to invite). Object pronouns sit before the verb (je veux la voir).

  2. 10un/une; noir; adjectives after the noun; présenter#

    un (a/one, masc.) vs une (a/one, fem.). noir (black) – adjectives follow the noun: le café noir, le chat noir. OI = /wa/. To "introduce" people = présenter (from présentation); introduction.

  3. 11Numbers 1–3; elle; -aire nouns#

    un, deux, trois. elle (she): elle doit, elle veut, elle peut. à la fête (to the party), la fête d'anniversaire (birthday party), anniversaire. Rule -ary → -aire: nécessaire, contraire, solitaire.

  4. 12il; le portable; te; reflexive "get ready"#

    il (he): il veut. le portable (mobile phone). te = "you" as an object / "yourself": je dois me préparer (get ready), tu dois te préparer, relaxer (te relaxer = to relax/chill).

  5. 13-able words; porter (carry/wear)#

    -able cognates: probable, confortable, la table, adorable → adorer; inséparable → séparer. porter = to carry / to wear (from portable). la barbe (beard) – porter la barbe = to grow a beard.

  6. 14The porter family; -ité nouns; bien#

    port words: exporter, importer, emporter (take away), transporter, supporter (= to bear/tolerate – false friend!), se comporter (to behave). bien (well). Rule -ity → -ité: opportunité, possibilité, nécessité. saisir (to seize).

  7. 15Silent -t of doit/veut/peut; liaison; mon/ton#

    il/elle doit/veut/peut end in a silent -t. tout le monde (everybody, lit. "all the world"), le monde (world). Possessives mon (my), ton (your) – and liaison: mon ami / ton ami (the N links to the vowel). ami (friend).

  8. 16les (them); finir & attendre; puis-je#

    les = them (plural of le/la), pronounced /le/; liaison in les_inviter. Verb endings: -ER, -IR (voir, finir = to finish), and -RE (attendre = to wait for). Irregular question inversion: puis-je? (can I?).

Part 3

Nouns, negation, the present & être

Tracks 17–24
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  1. 17Verb endings ER/IR/RE; plurals; le vs les; liaison#

    Three infinitive endings: -ER (majority; new verbs like googler, zapper join it), -IR (voir, finir), -RE (attendre). Plural nouns add a silent -s (portes, amis). le/la (it) vs les (them); the plural "the" is also les. The re-surfacing S is called a liaison (les_amis).

  2. 18la gare, aller; -age nouns; noun bases#

    la gare (station), aller (to go), la ville (city). The -age ending is masculine: le village, le garage, le message, le courage, le mariage (la cage is an exception). A base + ending gives related words: ville/village/villa; le mari (husband), avant (before), le cœur (heart), la toilette (toilet).

  3. 19envoyer, montrer; je suis; negation ne … pas; manger#

    envoyer (to send), montrer (to show), je suis (I am), de passage (passing by). Negation is two-part: ne … pas – je ne veux pas (I don't want). manger (to eat). Object order: je veux te le montrer.

  4. 20garer, trouver; keys & house#

    garer (to park), trouver (to find). les clés (keys), clé (key), la maison (house). Full negation: je ne peux pas le trouver.

  5. 21chercher; ma/ta; femme; notre#

    chercher (to look for / search – no "for" needed). Feminine possessives ma / ta (my/your): ma femme (my wife; femme = woman/wife). notre (our, both genders). Monsieur (= mon sieur), Madame (= ma dame).

  6. 22essayer (de); où, est; "to be"; question word at the end#

    essayer (to try) → j'essaye/j'essaie; essayer de + infinitive. (where), est (is): où est… ? / où est-elle? Informal spoken French puts the question word last (elle est où?, tu es où?). je suis / tu es / il est – all from "to be." d'où (from where), ici (here).

  7. 23Present of -ER verbs; ne … rien#

    Present of -ER verbs = drop the -er ending (je/il/elle mange, je confirme). ne … rien = nothing / not anything (elle ne mange rien; je ne regrette rien). regretter (to regret). In speech the "ne" is often dropped.

  8. 24tu form; habiter; mais#

    The "tu" present adds a silent -es (tu manges, tu fermes). habiter (to live somewhere): où habites-tu? / il n'habite pas ici. mais (but) – AI = /eh/.

Part 4

The “lost S”, reflexives & question words

Tracks 25–32
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  1. 25école, hôpital & the "lost S" pattern; arrêter, étudier#

    école (school), près de (near), hôpital. Words with S+hard consonant in English drop the S in French (and often gain a circumflex): fête, forêt (forest), bête (beast), île, tempête. arrêter (to stop/arrest), fumer (to smoke), arrêter de fumer (to quit), s'arrêter (je m'arrête). étudier (to study).

  2. 26que; je sais; venir; quoi, pourquoi#

    que = what / that. je sais (I know), je ne sais pas. venir (to come). A question-word at the front forces inversion (que manges-tu?), but quoi goes at the end (tu sais quoi?) or in "pourquoi" (why = "for what").

  3. 27F↔P shift; parler, père, le français#

    Many English F = French P (for/pour, few/peu, foot/pied, father/père). parler (to speak, je parle), de quoi (about what). mon père (my father). le français (French). aller à pied (to go on foot).

  4. 28au / du; ils/elles; poisson, goûter, perdre#

    à + le = au (au revoir, au bureau); de + le = du (du village). ils/elles (they); ils peuvent (they can). poisson (fish), goûter (to taste/try food), pêcher (to fish), perdre (to lose), la plume (feather/pen).

  5. 29ils veulent / doivent; pour = "in order to"; payer#

    ils veulent (they want), ils doivent (they must). pour = for / in order to (je dois aller à la ville pour trouver les clés). payer (to pay). "à la" doesn't contract (à la ville).

  6. 30ils mangent (silent ENT); oublier; comment t'appelles-tu#

    "They" present ends in silent -ent (ils mangent) – audible only via liaison before a vowel (ils_oublient). oublier (to forget), un appartement, comment (how), appeler / s'appeler: comment tu t'appelles? (what's your name?), je m'appelle (my name is).

  7. 31faire; qu'est-ce que; acheter#

    faire (to do). qu'est-ce que = "what" (no inversion needed): qu'est-ce que tu veux? acheter (to buy) → j'achète (accent when stressed). c'est la vie.

  8. 32ce que; penser; parce que; ne … que; que = "than"#

    ce que = "what" when it isn't a question (je sais ce que tu veux). penser (to think). parce que (because). partir (to leave), bientôt (soon). ne … que = only/nothing but (il ne parle que français). que also = than (ma maison est plus grande que ta maison). grande (big).

Part 5

Adjectives, RE verbs, near future & perfect past

Tracks 33–40
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  1. 33c'est; -ent/-ant & -al adjectives; ils sont; -ement (-ly); agreement#

    c'est (it is / that is). Cognate adjectives ending -ent/-ant (différent, patient, important, arrogant) and -al (vital, légal, idéal, général) carry over. ils sont (they are). -ement = -ly (généralement, totalement). Adjectives agree: masc grand/parfait → fem grande/parfaite. trop (too). le rendez-vous, la réunion (meeting).

  2. 34je/tu fais; ne … jamais; RE-verb present (I/you)#

    je fais / tu fais (I/you do). ce soir (tonight), demain later. normalement (usually). Negation ne … jamais (never); jamais = never/ever. RE-verb "I/you" adds a silent -s with no vowel sound: j'attends / tu attends (I/you wait). c'est impossible de le faire.

  3. 35perdre & vendre present; encore; ne … plus#

    Present of RE verbs (singular): drop -re and the preceding consonant – je perds / il perd, je vends / il vend (vendre = to sell). tout le temps (all the time), le temps (time). encore (again/still). ne … plus = no longer / not anymore.

  4. 36nous & the -ons ending; je me demande; si; comprendre#

    nous (we/us). The "we" ending is -ons (nous demandons, nous vendons, nous trouvons) – the same for ER and RE verbs. je me demande (I wonder), si (if). comprendre (to understand). Reflexive: nous nous demandons.

  5. 37nous forms & liaison; lui / leur; cuisiner; nous pouvons#

    "We" forms liaise before a vowel (nous_oublions, nous_avons). Indirect objects lui (to him/her) and leur (to them) – je veux lui envoyer un message; je peux leur cuisiner quelque chose. cuisiner (to cook). nous pouvons (we can).

  6. 38Future with present; demain, lundi; aller + infinitive#

    Present + a future word = the future: demain (tomorrow), lundi (Monday), la lune (moon), les lunettes (glasses), les lunettes de soleil (sunglasses). Also aller + infinitive: je vais / tu vas l'acheter (I'm/you're going to buy it). quelque chose de bien / de gentil (something nice). bon voyage.

  7. 39il va; the perfect past with avoir (j'ai … -é)#

    il va / elle va (he/she goes). Perfect past = avoir + participle: j'ai mangé (I have eaten – the most common past in speech), je n'ai pas encore mangé (not yet). avoir: j'ai, tu as, il a, ils ont. ER participle = drop -er, add (mangé, cuisiné). ils vont (they go). aller/avoir share their irregularities (vais→ai, vont→ont).

  8. 40nous avons; déjà, quand; RE participle -u; participle as adjective#

    nous avons (we have), déjà (already), quand (when). RE-verb participle = -u (fondre→fondu to melt, perdre→perdu, vendre→vendu). Word order: je l'ai déjà organisé; quand l'as-tu réparé? The participle also works as an adjective: je suis perdu (I'm lost), elle est vendue, c'est recommandé. End of the Introduction to French course.